Herbicidal compositions comprising 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl) pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof and fungicides

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are synergistic herbicidal compositions containing (a) a compound of formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) fungicides, including but not limited to, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compositions and methods provided herein control undesirable vegetation, e.g., in direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).

FIELD

Provided herein are compositions comprising (a) 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl) pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and (b) fungicides. Provided herein are also methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising applying (a) 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and (b) fungicides.

BACKGROUND

The protection of crops from weeds and other vegetation which inhibit crop growth is a constantly recurring problem in agriculture. To help combat this problem, researchers in the field of synthetic chemistry have produced an extensive variety of chemicals and chemical formulations effective in the control of such unwanted growth. Chemical herbicides of many types have been disclosed in the literature and a large number are in commercial use. However, there remains a need for compositions and methods that are effective in controlling undesirable vegetation.

SUMMARY

A first embodiment including a herbicidal composition comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II)

A second embodiment, including the composition according to the first embodiment, wherein (a) is a C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl ester of compound (I).

A third embodiment, including the composition according to the first embodiment, wherein (a) is a C₁₋₄ alkyl ester of compound (I).

A fourth embodiment including the composition according to the second embodiment, wherein (a) is a benzyl ester of compound (I).

A fifth embodiment including the composition according to the first embodiment, wherein (a) is the compound of formula (I), which is the carboxylic acid.

A sixth embodiment including the compositions according to the first through the fifth embodiments, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: a herbicide safener, carrier and adjuvent.

A seventh embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to azoxystrobin in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:500 to about 12:1.

An eighth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to carbendazim in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:375 to about 12:1.

A ninth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to difenoconazole in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:250 to about 12:1.

A tenth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to flutolanil in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:500 to about 12:1.

An eleventh embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to hexaconazole in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:250 to about 60:1.

A twelfth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to iprobenfos in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:1,000 to about 3:1.

A thirteenth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to isoprothiolane in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 3:11:500 to about 6:1.

A fourteenth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to isotianil in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:500 to about 30:1.

A fifteenth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to kasugamycin in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:250 to about 150:1.

A sixteenth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to mancozeb in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:2500 to about 12:1.

A seventeenth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to myclobutanil in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:250 to about 12:1.

An eighteenth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to phthalide in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:500 to about 15:1.

A nineteenth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to probenazole in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:2500 to about 6:1.

A twentieth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to propiconazole in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:250 to about 30:1.

A twenty-first embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to pyroquilon in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:1,500 to about 3:1.

A twenty-second embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to tebuconazole in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:250 to about 12:1.

A twenty-third embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to thifluzamide in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:375 to about 30:1.

A twenty-fourth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to tricyclazole in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:375 to about 15:1.

A twenty-fifth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to trifloxystrobin in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:250 to about 30:1.

A twenty-sixth embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to validamycin in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:25 to about 3,000:1.

A twenty-seventh embodiment including at least one composition according the first through the sixth embodiments the wherein the ratios of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to a compound of formula (II) in units of g to g, gae/ha to gae/ha, or gae/ha gai/ha is from about 1:375 to about 150:1.

A twenty-eighth embodiment includes methods for controlling undesirable vegetation which comprises contacting the vegetation or the area adjacent to the vegetation with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation the composition of any of the composition according to the first through the twenty-seventh embodiments.

A twenty-ninth embodiment includes methods of controlling undesirable vegetation which comprises contacting the vegetation or the area adjacent to the vegetation with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II)

A thirtieth embodiment includes methods according to the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth embodiments for controlling undesired vegetation, wherein the undesirable vegetation is controlled in direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).

A thirty-first embodiment includes methods according to the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth embodiments, wherein the undesirable vegetation is immature.

A thirty-second embodiment includes methods according to the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth embodiments, wherein the compounds (a) and (b) are applied to water.

The thirty-third embodiment includes methods according to the thirty-second embodiment wherein the water is part of a flooded rice paddy.

A thirty-fourth embodiment includes methods according to the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth embodiments wherein the compound (a) and (b) are applied pre-emergently and/or post emergently to the weed or the crop.

A thirty-fifth embodiment includes methods according to the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth embodiments, wherein the undesirable vegetation is controlled in glyphosate-, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitor-, glufosinate-, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-, dicamba-, phenoxy auxin-, pyridyloxy auxin-, synthetic auxin-, auxin transport inhibitor-, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-, cyclohexanedione-, phenylpyrazoline-, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-, imidazolinone-, sulfonylurea-, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-, triazolopyrimidine-, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-, phytoene desaturase inhibitor-, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor-, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor-, mitosis inhibitor-, microtubule inhibitor-, very long chain fatty acid inhibitor-, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor-, photosystem I inhibitor-, photosystem II inhibitor-, triazine-, or bromoxynil-tolerant crops.

A thirty-sixth embodiment includes methods according to the thirty-fifth embodiment, wherein the tolerant crop possesses multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple herbicides or multiple modes of action.

A thirty-seventh embodiment includes methods according to the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth embodiments, wherein the undesirable vegetation comprises a herbicide resistant or tolerant weed.

A thirty-eighth embodiment includes methods according to the thirty-seventh embodiment, wherein the resistant or tolerant weed is a biotype with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicides, multiple chemical classes, multiple herbicide modes-of-action, or via multiple resistance mechanisms.

The thirty-ninth embodiment includes methods according to the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth embodiments, wherein the resistant or tolerant weed is a biotype resistant or tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, photosystem II inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, microtubule assembly inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, herbicides with multiple modes-of-action, quinclorac, arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, or organoarsenicals.

Provided herein are herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester of thereof, and (b) fungicides. The compositions may also contain an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. Provided herein are also methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising applying (a) a compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and (b) fungicides.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

As used herein, the compound of formula (I) has the following structure:

The compound of formula (I) can be identified by the name 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropyridine-2-carboxylic acid and has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,849 (B2), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Exemplary uses of the compound of the formula (I) include controlling undesirable vegetation, including grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds, in multiple non-crop and cropping situations.

Fungicides are a class of pesticides used to control plant pathogens in crop and non-crop settings. Without being limited to any theory, these pesticides kill diseases/plant pathogens via multiple, different modes of action. Exemplary uses of fungicides include their use to control plant diseases and plant pathogens in cereal, legume, vegetable, fruit, row and perennial crops.

Exemplary fungicides include, but are not limited to, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II):

As used herein, azoxystrobin is methyl (E)-{2-[6(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy]phenyl}3-methoxyacrylate and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of azoxystrobin include its use as a protectant, curative and eradicant fungicide for the control of many plant pathogens in crops, including Pyricularia and Rhizoctonia in rice. Azoxystrobin can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, carbendazim is methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of carbendazim include its use as a systemic fungicide with protective and curative action for the control of Septoria, Fusarium, Erysiphe and other diseases in cereals crops. Carbendazim can be applied, e.g., post-emergence to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein difenoconazole is cis, trans-3-chloro-4-[4-methyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3,dioxolan-2-yl]pheyl chlorophenyl ether and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of difenoconazole include its use as a systemic fungicide with preventative and curative activity for the control of plant diseases in many crops, including Rhizoctonia, Cercospora, Septoria and many other diseases in rice, cereals, oilseed rape, etc. Difenoconazole can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, flutolanil is α,α,α-trifluoro-3′-isopropoxy-o-toluanilide and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of flutolanil include its use as a systemic fungicide for the control of Rhizoctonia in many crops, including rice, cereals, turf, etc. Flutolanil can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, hexaconazole is (RS)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol) and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of hexaconazole include its use for the control of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes in vine, coffee, and other crops. Hexaconazole can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, iprobenfos is S-benzyl O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of Iprobenfos include its use as a systemic fungicide for the control of rice blast (Pyricularia), stem rot and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia) in rice. Iiprobenfos can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, isoprothiolane is diisopropyl 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidenemalonate and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of isoprothiolane include its use as a systemic fungicide that inhibits penetration and elongation of infection hyphae for the control of Pyricularia and other diseases in rice and other crops. isoprothiolane can be applied, e.g., post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein isotianil is3,4-dichloro-2′cyano-1,2-thiazole-5-carboxanilide and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of isotianil include its use for the control of rice blast (Pyricularia) in rice. isotianil can be applied, e.g., post-emergence or rice nursery box drench treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, kasugamycin is 11-1,3,4/2,5,6-1-deoxy-2,3,4,5,6,-pentahydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-4-(α-iminoglycino)-α-D-arabino-hexopyranoside hydrochloride hydrate and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of kasugamycin include its use as a systemic fungicide and bactericide that inhibits hyphal growth of rice blast (Pyricularia) in rice. Kasugamycin can be applied, e.g., rice nursery drench and post-emergence treatments to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, mancozeb is manganexe ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (polymeric) complex with zinc salt and possesses the following structure:

x:y=1:0.091

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of mancozeb include its use as a protectant fungicide for the control of many fungal diseases in many crops. Mancozeb in a fungal respiration inhibitor, and can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence and seed treatment to control many undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, myclobutanil is2-p-chlorophenyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of myclobutanil, a known ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor with protective and curative properties, include its use for the control of Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti and Basidomycetes in many crops. Myclobutanil can be applied, e.g., post-emergence and seed treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, phthalide is 4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalide and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of phthalide include its use for the control of rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) in rice. Phthalide can be applied, e.g., drench and post-emergence to control rice blast in rice.

As used herein, probenazole, is 3-allyloxy-1,2-benz[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of probenazole include its use for the control of rice blast and leaf blight in transplanted rice. Probenazole can be applied, e.g., post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens in rice.

As used herein, propiconazole is 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2 ylmethyl]1H-1,2,4-triazole and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of propiconazole include its use for the control of Rhizoctonia and dirty panicle complex in rice, as well as many diseases in cereal, turf and corn crops. Propiconazole can be applied, e.g., post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens in many crops.

As used herein, pyroquilon is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-4-one and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of pyroquilon, a known melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, include its use for the control of Pyricularia in rice. Pyroquilon can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence and seed drench treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens in rice.

As used herein, tebuconazole is (RS)-1-p-chlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Tebuconazole acts by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, providing protective, curative and eradicant activity. Exemplary uses of tebuconazole include its use for the control of many diseases across many crops, including Puccinia, Fusarium, Erysiphe and other diseases. Tebuconazole can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, thifluzamide is 2′,6′-dibromo-2-methyl-4′-trifluoromethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxanilide and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of thifluzamide include its use for the control of Basidiomycetes diseases including Rhizoctonia in rice and cereal crops. Thifluzamide can be applied, e.g., post-emergence and seed treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, tricyclazole is 5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3]benzothiazole and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of tricyclazole, a known melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, include its use for the control of rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) in seeded and transplanted rice. Tricyclazole can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence, seed or soak treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens in rice.

As used herein, trifloxystrobin is methyl (E)-methoxyimino-{(E)-α-[1-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)ethylideneaminooxy]-o-tolyl}acetate and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of trifloxystrobin include its use for the control of rusts and powdery mildew in cereal, fruit and vegetable crops. Trifloxystrobin can be applied, e.g., as a post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, validamycin is 1L-(1R,2R,3S,4S,6R)-2,3-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-{[(1S,4S,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino}cyclohexyl β-D-glucopyranoside and possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in Tomlin, C., ed. A World Compendium The Pesticide Manual. 15^(th) ed. Alton: BCPC Publications, 2009. Exemplary uses of validamycin include its use for the control of Rhizoctonia solani in rice and many other crops. Validamycin can be applied, e.g., post-mergence, soil drench or seed treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, a compound of formula (II) possesses the following structure:

Its fungicidal activity is exemplified in: International Patent Publication No. WO 03/035617, published May 1, 2003. Exemplary uses of a compound of formula (II) include its use for the control of rust and other diseases in cereal crops. A compound of formula (II) can be applied, e.g., post-emergence treatment to control undesirable plant pathogens.

As used herein, fungicide means a compound, e.g., active ingredient that kills, controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plant diseases/pathogens. As used herein, fungicide means a compound, e.g., active ingredient that kills, controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of fungi.

As used herein, a fungicidal effective or controlling amount is an amount of active ingredient which causes an adversely modifying effect to the fungi to be controlled, e.g., causing deviations from natural development, killing, effecting regulation, causing desiccation, causing retardation, and the like.

As used herein, controlling undesirable vegetation means preventing, reducing, killing, or otherwise adversely modifying the development of plants and vegetation. Described herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation through the application of certain herbicide and fungicide combinations or compositions Methods of application include, but are not limited to applications to the vegetation or locus thereof, e.g., application to the area adjacent to the vegetation, as well as pre-emergence, post-emergence, foliar (broadcast, directed, banded, spot, mechanical, over-the-top, or rescue), and in-water applications (emerged and submerged vegetation, broadcast, spot, mechanical, water-injected, granular broadcast, granular spot, shaker bottle, or stream spray) via hand, backpack, machine, tractor, or aerial (airplane and helicopter) application methods.

As used herein, plants and vegetation include, but are not limited to, germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, immature vegetation, and established vegetation.

As used herein, agriculturally acceptable salts and esters refer to salts and esters that exhibit herbicidal activity, or that are or can be converted in plants, water, or soil to the referenced herbicide. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable esters are those that are or can by hydrolyzed, oxidized, metabolized, or otherwise converted, e.g., in plants, water, or soil, to the corresponding carboxylic acid which, depending on the pH, may be in the dissociated or undissociated form.

Exemplary salts include those derived from alkali or alkaline earth metals and those derived from ammonia and amines Exemplary cations include sodium, potassium, magnesium, and ammonium cations of the formula:

R¹R²R³R⁴N⁺

wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ each, independently represents hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl or C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more hydroxy, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄ alkylthio or phenyl groups, provided that R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are sterically compatible. Additionally, any two of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ together may represent an aliphatic difunctional moiety containing one to twelve carbon atoms and up to two oxygen or sulfur atoms. Salts can be prepared by treatment with a metal hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, with an amine, such as ammonia, trimethylamine, diethanolamine, 2-methylthiopropylamine, bisallylamine, 2-butoxyethylamine, morpholine, cyclododecylamine, or benzylamine or with a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide or choline hydroxide.

Exemplary esters include those derived from C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkynyl or C₇-C₁₀ aryl-substituted alkyl alcohols, such as methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, butoxyethanol, methoxypropanol, allyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol, cyclohexanol or unsubstituted or substituted benzyl alcohols. Benzyl alcohols may be substituted with from 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₁-C₄ alkoxy. Esters can be prepared by coupling of the acids with the alcohol using any number of suitable activating agents such as those used for peptide couplings such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole (CDI); by reacting the acids with alkylating agents such as alkylhalides or alkylsulfonates in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or lithium carbonate; by reacting the corresponding acid chloride of an acid with an appropriate alcohol; by reacting the corresponding acid with an appropriate alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst or by transesterification.

Compositions and Methods

Provided herein are herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester of thereof, and (b) fungicides, including but not limited to, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II).

Provided herein are also methods of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising contacting the vegetation or locus thereof, i.e., the area adjacent to the vegetation with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a herbicidally effective amount of the compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) fungicides, including but not limited to, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II). In certain embodiments, the methods employ the compositions described herein.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, the combination of compound (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II) exhibits synergism, e.g., the herbicidal activity is more effective in combination than when compound of formula (1) is applied individually. Synergism has been defined as “an interaction of two or more factors such that the effect when combined is greater than the predicted effect based on the response of each factor applied separately.” Senseman, S., ed. Herbicide Handbook. 9^(th) ed. Lawrence: Weed Science Society of America, 2007. In certain embodiments, the compositions exhibit synergy as determined by the Colby's equation. Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20-22.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I), i.e., the carboxylic acid, is employed. In certain embodiments, a carboxylate salt of the compound of formula (I) is employed. In certain embodiments, an aralkyl or alkyl ester is employed. In certain embodiments, a benzyl, substituted benzyl, or C₁₋₄ alkyl, e.g., n-butyl ester is employed. In certain embodiments, the benzyl ester is employed.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II) are formulated in one composition, tank mixed, applied simultaneously, or applied sequentially.

Herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds when they are applied directly to the plant or to the area adjacent to the plant at any stage of growth. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are applied as a post-emergence application, pre-emergence application, or in-water application to flooded paddy rice or water bodies (e.g., ponds, lakes and streams), to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum control of weeds.

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control weeds in crops, including but not limited to direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).

In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control weeds in rice. In certain embodiments, the rice is direct-seeded, water-seeded, or transplanted rice.

The compositions and methods described herein may be used to control undesirable vegetation in glyphosate-tolerant-, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitor-tolerant-, glufosinate-tolerant-, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-tolerant-, dicamba-tolerant-, phenoxy auxin-tolerant-, pyridyloxy auxin-tolerant-, auxin-tolerant-, auxin transport inhibitor-tolerant-, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-tolerant-, cyclohexanedione-tolerant-, phenylpyrazoline-tolerant-, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-tolerant-, imidazolinone-tolerant-, sulfonylurea-tolerant-, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-tolerant-, triazolopyrimidine-tolerant-, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-tolerant-, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor-tolerant-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-tolerant-, phytoene desaturase inhibitor-tolerant-, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor-tolerant-, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant-, mitosis inhibitor-tolerant-, microtubule inhibitor-tolerant-, very long chain fatty acid inhibitor-tolerant-, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant-, photosystem I inhibitor-tolerant-, photosystem II inhibitor-tolerant-, triazine-tolerant- and bromoxynil-tolerant-crops (such as, but not limited to, soybean, cotton, canola/oilseed rape, rice, cereals, corn, sorghum, sunflower, sugar beet, sugarcane, turf, etc), for example, in conjunction with glyphosate, EPSP synthase inhibitors, glufosinate, glutamine synthase inhibitors, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines, ACCase inhibitors, imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones, ALS or AHAS inhibitors, HPPD inhibitors, phytoene desaturase inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, PPO inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, microtubule inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, photosystem II inhibitors, triazines, and bromoxynil. The compositions and methods may be used in controlling undesirable vegetation in crops possessing multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple chemistries and/or inhibitors of multiple modes of action. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and complementary herbicide or salt or ester thereof are used in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein and other complementary herbicides are applied at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix, or sequentially.

The compositions and methods may be used in controlling undesirable vegetation in crops possessing agronomic stress tolerance (including but not limited to drought, cold, heat, salt, water, nutrient, fertility, pH), pest tolerance (including but not limited to insects, fungi and pathogens) and crop improvement traits (including but not limited to yield; protein, carbohydrate, or oil content; protein, carbohydrate, or oil composition; plant stature and plant architecture).

The compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation. Undesirable vegetation includes, but is not limited to, undesirable vegetation that occurs in rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in rice. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Brachiaria platyphylla (Groseb.) Nash or Urochloa platyphylla (Nash) R. D. Webster (broadleaf signalgrass, BRAPP), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass, DIGSA), Echinochloa species (ECHSS), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass, ECHCG), Echinochloa crus-pavonis (Kunth) Schult. (gulf cockspur, ECHCV), Echinochloa colonum (L.) LINK (junglerice, ECHCO), Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch (early watergrass, ECHOR), Echinochloa oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger (late watergrass, ECHPH), Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koso-Pol. (rice barnyardgrass, ECHPH), Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc. (creeping river grass, ECHPO), Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. (saramollagrass, ISCRU), Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees (Chinese sprangletop, LEFCH), Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray (bearded sprangletop, LEFFA), Leptochloa panicoides (Presl.) Hitchc. (Amazon sprangletop, LEFPA), Oryza species (red and weedy rice, ORYSS), Panicum dichotomiflorum (L.) Michx. (fall panicum, PANDI), Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (dallisgrass, PASDI), Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton (itchgrass, ROOEX), Cyperus species (CYPSS), Cyperus difformis L. (smallflower flatsedge, CYPDI), Cyperus dubius Rottb. (MAPDU), Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge, CYPES), Cyperus iria L. (rice flatsedge, CYPIR), Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge, CYPRO), Eleocharis species (ELOSS), Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl (globe fringerush, FIMMI), Schoenoplectus species (SCPSS), Schoenoplectus juncoides Roxb. (Japanese bulrush, SCPJU), Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla or Schoenoplectus maritimus L. Lye (sea clubrush, SCPMA), Schoenoplectus mucronatus L. (ricefield bulrush, SCPMU), Aeschynomene species, (jointvetch, AESSS), Alternanthera phdoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (alligatorweed, ALRPH), Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (common waterplantain, ALSPA), Amaranthus species, (pigweeds and amaranths, AMASS), Ammannia coccinea Rottb. (redstem, AMMCO), Commelina benghalensis L. (Benghal dayflower, COMBE), Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (American false daisy, ECLAL), Heteranthera limosa (SW.) Willd./Vahl (ducksalad, HETLI), Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. (roundleaf mudplantain, HETRE), Ipomoea species (morningglories, IPOSS), Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (ivyleaf morningglory, IPOHE), Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell (low false pimpernel, LIDDU), Ludwigia species (LUDSS), Ludwigia linifolia Poir. (southeastern primrose-willow, LUDLI), Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven (longfruited primrose-willow, LUDOC), Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack (monochoria, MOOKA), Monochoria vaginalis (Berm. F.) C. Presl ex Kuhth, (monochoria, MOOVA), Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (doveweed, MUDNU), Polygonum pensylvanicum L., (Pennsylvania smartweed, POLPY), Polygonum persicaria L. (ladysthumb, POLPE), Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (POLHP, mild smartweed), Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne (Indian toothcup, ROTIN), Sagittaria species, (arrowhead, SAGSS), Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Cory/Rydb. Ex Hill (hemp sesbania, SEBEX), or Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. (gooseweed, SPDZE).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in cereals. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (blackgrass, ALOMY), Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. (windgrass, APESV), Avena fatua L. (wild oat, AVEFA), Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome, BROTE), Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass, LOLMU), Phalaris minor Retz. (littleseed canarygrass, PHAMI), Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass, POANN), Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J. A. Schultes (yellow foxtail, SETLU), Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green foxtail, SETVI), Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed, AMARE), Brassica species (BRSSS), Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarters, CHEAL), Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, CIRAR), Galium aparine L. (catchweed bedstraw, GALAP), Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. (kochia, KCHSC), Lamium purpureum L. (purple deadnettle, LAMPU), Matricaria recutita L. (wild chamomile, MATCH), Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter (pineappleweed, MATMT), Papaver rhoeas L. (common poppy, PAPRH), Polygonum convolvulus L. (wild buckwheat, POLCO), Salsola tragus L. (Russian thistle, SASKR), Sinapis species (SINSS), Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard, SINAR), Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (common chickweed, STEME), Veronica persica Poir. (Persian speedwell, VERPE), Viola arvensis Murr. (field violet, VIOAR), or Viola tricolor L. (wild violet, VIOTR).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in range and pasture, fallowland, IVM and ROW. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed, AMBEL), Cassia obtusifolia (sickle pod, CASOB), Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam. (spotted knapweed, CENMA), Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, CIRAR), Convolvulus arvensis L. (field bindweed, CONAR), Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge, EPHES), Lactuca serriola L./Torn. (prickly lettuce, LACSE), Plantago lanceolata L. (buckhorn plantain, PLALA), Rumex obtusifolius L. (broadleaf dock, RUMOB), Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida, SIDSP), Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard, SINAR), Sonchus arvensis L. (perennial sowthistle, SONAR), Solidago species (goldenrod, SOOSS), Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion, TAROF), Trifolium repens L. (white clover, TRFRE), or Urtica dioica L. (common nettle, URTDI).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation found in row crops, tree and vine crops, and perennial crops. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (blackgrass, ALOMY), Avena fatua L. (wild oat, AVEFA), Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. or Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster (Surinam grass, BRADC), Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. or Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. (beard grass, BRABR), Brachiaria platyphylla (Groseb.) Nash or Urochloa platyphylla (Nash) R. D. Webster (broadleaf signalgrass, BRAPP), Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. or Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R. D. Webster (alexandergrass, BRAPL), Cenchrus echinatus L. (southern sandbar, CENEC), Digitaria horizontalis Willd. (Jamaican crabgrass, DIGHO), Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman (sourgrass, TRCIN), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass, DIGSA), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass, ECHCG), Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link (junglerice, ECHCO), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass, ELEIN), Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass, LOLMU), Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. (fall panicum, PANDI), Panicum miliaceum L. (wild-proso millet, PANMI), Setaria faberi Herrm. (giant foxtail, SETFA), Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green foxtail, SETVI), Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnsongrass, SORHA), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. Arundinaceum (shattercane, SORVU), Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge, CYPES), Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge, CYPRO), Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (velvetleaf, ABUTH), Amaranthus species (pigweeds and amaranths, AMASS), Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed, AMBEL), Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (western ragweed, AMBPS), Ambrosia trifida L. (giant ragweed, AMBTR), Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda, ANVCR), Asclepias syriaca L. (common milkweed, ASCSY), Bidens pilosa L. (hairy beggarticks, BIDPI), Borreria species (BOISS), Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. or Spermacoce alata Aubl. (broadleaf buttonweed, BOILF), Spermacose latifolia (broadleaved button weed, BOILF), Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarters, CHEAL), Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, CIRAR), Commelina benghalensis L. (tropical spiderwort, COMBE), Datura stramonium L. (jimsonweed, DATST), Daucus carota L. (wild carrot, DAUCA), Euphorbia heterophylla L. (wild poinsettia, EPHHL), Euphorbia hirta L. or Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. (garden spurge, EPHHI), Euphorbia dentata Michx. (toothed spurge, EPHDE), Erigeron bonariensis L. or Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. (hairy fleabane, ERIBO), Erigeron canadensis L. or Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. (Canadian fleabane, ERICA), Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. H. Walker (tall fleabane, ERIFL), Helianthus annuus L. (common sunflower, HELAN), Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. (smallflower morningglory, IAQTA), Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (ivyleaf morningglory, IPOHE), Ipomoea lacunosa L. (white morningglory, IPOLA), Lactuca serriola L./Torn. (prickly lettuce, LACSE), Portulaca oleracea L. (common purslane, POROL), Richardia species (pusley, RCHSS), Sida species (sida, SIDSS), Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida, SIDSP), Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard, SINAR), Solanum ptychanthum Dunal (eastern black nightshade, SOLPT), Tridax procumbens L. (coat buttons, TRQPR), or Xanthium strumarium L. (common cocklebur, XANST).

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation in turf. In certain embodiments, the undesirable vegetation is Bellis perennis L. (English daisy, BELPE), Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge, CYPES), Cyperus species (CYPSS), Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass, DIGSA), Diodia virginiana L. (Virginia buttonweed, DIQVI), Euphorbia species (spurge, EPHSS), Glechoma hederacea L. (ground ivy, GLEHE), Hydrocotyle umbellata L. (dollarweed, HYDUM), Kyllinga species (kyllinga, KYLSS), Lamium amplexicaule L. (henbit, LAMAM), Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (doveweed, MUDNU), Oxalis species (woodsorrel, OXASS), Plantago major L. (broadleaf plantain, PLAMA), Plantago lanceolata L. (buckhorn/narrowleaf plantain, PLALA), Phyllanthus urinaria L. (chamberbitter, PYLTE), Rumex obtusifolius L. (broadleaf dock, RUMOB), Stachys floridana Shuttlew. (Florida betony, STAFL), Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (common chickweed, STEME), Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion, TAROF), Trifolium repens L. (white clover, TRFRE), or Viola species (wild violet, VIOSS).

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable vegetation consisting of grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods provided herein are utilized to control undesirable grass, broadleaf and sedge vegetation including but not limited to Brachiaria/Uroichloa, Cyperus, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Fimbristylis, Ipomoea, Leptochloa, and Schoenoplectus.

In some embodiments, the combination of compound (I) or agriculturally acceptable ester or salt thereof and fungicides are used to control, including but not limited to, broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla (Groseb.) Nash), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), rice flatsedge (Cyperus iria L.), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), jungle rice (Echinochloa colona), watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides), globe fringerush (Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl), ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea), Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis) and Japanese bulrush (Schoenoplectus juncoides).

The compounds of formula I or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof may be used to control herbicide resistant or tolerant weeds. The methods employing the combination of a compound of formula I or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and the compositions described herein may also be employed to control herbicide resistant or tolerant weeds. Exemplary resistant or tolerant weeds include, but are not limited to, biotypes resistant or tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors (e.g., imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones), photosystem II inhibitors (e.g., phenylcarbamates, pyridazinones, triazines, triazinones, uracils, amides, ureas, benzothiadiazinones, nitriles, phenylpyridazines), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (e.g., aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines), synthetic auxins (e.g., benzoic acids, phenoxycarboxylic acids, pyridine carboxylic acids, quinoline carboxylic acids), auxin transport inhibitors (e.g., phthalamates, semicarbazones), photosystem I inhibitors (e.g., bipyridyliums), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors (e.g., glyphosate), glutamine synthetase inhibitors (e.g., glufosinate, bialafos), microtubule assembly inhibitors (e.g., benzamides, benzoic acids, dinitroanilines, phosphoramidates, pyridines), mitosis inhibitors (e.g., carbamates), very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors (e.g., acetamides, chloroacetamides, oxyacetamides, tetrazolinones), fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors (e.g., phosphorodithioates, thiocarbamates, benzofuranes, chlorocarbonic acids), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors (e.g., diphenylethers, N-phenylphthalimides, oxadiazoles, oxazolidinediones, phenylpyrazoles, pyrimidindiones, thiadiazoles, triazolinones), carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., clomazone, amitrole, aclonifen), phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors (e.g., amides, anilidex, furanones, phenoxybutan-amides, pyridiazinones, pyridines), 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors (e.g., callistemones, isoxazoles, pyrazoles, triketones), cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., nitriles, benzamides, quinclorac, triazolocarboxamides), herbicides with multiple modes-of-action such as quinclorac, and unclassified herbicides such as arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, and organoarsenicals. Exemplary resistant or tolerant weeds include, but are not limited to, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicides, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple chemical classes, and biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicide modes-of-action, and biotypes with multiple resistance or tolerance mechanisms (e.g., target site resistance or metabolic resistance).

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with azoxystrobin. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to azoxystrobin is within the range of from about 1:500 to about 12:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to azoxystrobin is within the range of from about 1:57 to about 1:2. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 27 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 66 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and azoxystrobin, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, azoxystrobin is applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 1000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, azoxystrobin is applied at a rate from about 62 gai/ha to about 250 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and azoxystrobin. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and azoxystrobin, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and azoxystrobin is applied at a rate of about 30 gai/ha to about 900 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and azoxystrobin, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 4.4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and azoxystrobinis applied at a rate of about 62 gai/ha to about 250 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with carbendazim. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to carbendazim is within the range of from about 1:375 to about 12:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to carbendazim is within the range of from about 1:31 to about 1:4. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 27 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,050 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 133 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 282 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and carbendazim, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, carbendazimis applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 750 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, carbendazim is applied at a rate from about 50 gai/ha to about 600 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and carbendazim. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and carbendazim, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and carbendazim is applied at a rate of about 50 gai/ha to about 600 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and carbendazim wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and carbendazim is applied at a rate of about 125 gai/ha to about 250 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with difenoconazole. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to difenoconazole is within the range of from about 1:250 to about 2:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to difenoconazoleis within the range of from about 1:46 to about 1:1.5. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 27 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 800 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 54 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 250 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and difenoconazole, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, difenoconazole is applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, difenoconazole is applied at a rate from about 50 gai/ha to about 200 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and difenoconazole. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and difenoconazole, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and difenoconazole is applied at a rate of about 30 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and difenoconazole, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and difenoconazoleis applied at a rate of about 50 gai/ha to about 200 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with flutolanil. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to flutolanil is within the range of from about 1:500 to about 12:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to flutolanil is within the range of from about 1:70 to about 1:4. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 27 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 148 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 592 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and flutolanil, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, flutolanil is applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 1,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, flutolanil is applied at a rate from about 50 gai/ha to about 900 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and flutolanil. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and flutolanil, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and flutolanil is applied at a rate of about 50 gai/ha to about 900 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and flutolanil, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and flutolanil is applied at a rate of about 140 gai/ha to about 560 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with hexaconazole. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to hexaconazole is within the range of from about 1:250 to about 60:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to hexaconazole is within the range of from about 1:12.5 to about 1.25:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 7 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 800 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 33 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 150 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and hexaconazole, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, hexaconazole is applied at a rate from about 5 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, hexaconazole is applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 100 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and hexaconazole. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and hexaconazole, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and hexaconazole is applied at a rate of about 7 gai/ha to about 475 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and hexaconazole, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and hexaconazole is applied at a rate of about 25 gai/ha to about 100 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with iprobenfos. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to iprobenfosis within the range of from about 1:1,000 to about 3:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to iprobenfos is within the range of from about 1:600 to about 1:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 102 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 2,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 113 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,950 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and iprobenfos, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, iprobenfos is applied at a rate from about 100 gai/ha to about 2,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, iprobenfos is applied at a rate from about 200 gai/ha to about 1,900 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and iprobenfos. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and iprobenfos wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and iprobenfos is applied at a rate of about 200 gai/ha to about 1,900 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and iprobenfos, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 150 gae/ha, and iprobenfosis applied at a rate of about 110 gai/ha to about 1,800 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with isoprothiolane. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to isoprothiolane is within the range of from about 1:500 to about 6:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to isoprothiolane is within the range of from about 1:300 to about 2:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 52 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 100 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,100 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and isoprothiolane, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, isoprothiolane is applied at a rate from about 50 gai/ha to about 1,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, isoprothiolane is applied at a rate from about 75 gai/ha to about 950 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and isoprothiolane. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and isoprothiolane, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and isoprothiolane is applied at a rate of about 75 gai/ha to about 950 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and isoprothiolane, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 150 gae/ha, and isoprothiolane is applied at a rate of about 70 gai/ha to about 900 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with isotianil. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to isotianilis within the range of from about 1:500 to about 30:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to isotianil is within the range of from about 1:48 to about 1:3. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 12 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 108 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 420 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and isotianil, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, isotianil is applied at a rate from about 10 gai/ha to about 1,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, isotianil is applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 380 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and isotianil. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and isotianil, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and isotianil is applied at a rate of about 25 gai/ha to about 700 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and isotianil, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and isotianil is applied at a rate of about 100 gai/ha to about 380 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with kasugamycin. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to kasugamycin is within the range of from about 1:250 to about 150:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to kasugamycin is within the range of from about 1:9 to about 2:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 4 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 800 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 25 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 105 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and kasugamycin, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, kasugamycin is applied at a rate from about 2 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, kasugamycin is applied at a rate from about 4 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and kasugamycin. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and kasugamycin wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and kasugamycin is applied at a rate of about 4 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and kasugamycin, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and kasugamycin is applied at a rate of about 17.5 gai/ha to about 70 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with mancozeb. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to mancozeb is within the range of from about 1:2,500 to about 12:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to mancozebis within the range of from about 1:210 to about 1:26. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 27 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 5,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 848 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,712 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and mancozeb, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, mancozebis applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 5,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, mancozeb is applied at a rate from about 50 gai/ha to about 4,500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and mancozeb. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and mancozeb, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and mancozeb is applied at a rate of about 50 gai/ha to about 4,500 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and mancozeb, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and mancozeb is applied at a rate of about 840 gai/ha to about 1,680 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with myclobutanil. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to myclobutanil is within the range of from about 1:250 to about 12:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to myclobutanil is within the range of from about 1:38 to about 1:1.5. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 22 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 800 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 55 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 232 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and myclobutanil, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, myclobutanil is applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, myclobutanil is applied at a rate from about 50 gai/ha to about 200 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 5 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and myclobutanil. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and myclobutanil, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and myclobutanil is applied at a rate of about 50 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and myclobutanil, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 5 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and myclobutanil is applied at a rate of about 50 gai/ha to about 200 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with phthalide. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to phthalide is within the range of from about 1:500 to about 15:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to phthalide is within the range of from about 1:267 to about 5:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 22 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 33 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 950 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and phthalide, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, phthalide is applied at a rate from about 20 gai/ha to about 1,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, phthalide is applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 950 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and phthalide. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and phthalide, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and phthalide is applied at a rate of about 25 gai/ha to about 950 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and phthalide, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 150 gae/ha, and phthalide is applied at a rate of about 30 gai/ha to about 800 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with probenazole. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to probenazoleis within the range of from about 1:2,500 to about 6:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to probenazoleis within the range of from about 1:500 to about 1:10. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 52 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 5,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 103 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 4,050 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and probenazole, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, probenazole is applied at a rate from about 50 gai/ha to about 5,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, probenazole is applied at a rate from about 75 gai/ha to about 4,500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and probenazole. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and probenazole, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and probenazoleis applied at a rate of about 75 gai/ha to about 4,500 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and probenazole wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 50 gae/ha, and probenazoleis applied at a rate of about 500 gai/ha to about 4,000 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with propiconazole. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to propiconazole is within the range of from about 1:250 to about 30:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to propiconazole is within the range of from about 1:47 to about 1:3. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 12 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 800 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 67 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 275 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and propiconazole, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, propiconazole is applied at a rate from about 10 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, propiconazole is applied at a rate from about 20 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and propiconazole. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and propiconazole, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and propiconazole is applied at a rate of about 20 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and propiconazole, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 5.3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 21.2 gae/ha, and propiconazole is applied at a rate of about 62.5 gai/ha to about 250 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with pyroquilon. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to pyroquilon is within the range of from about 1:1,500 to about 3:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to pyroquilon is within the range of from about 1:933 to about 1:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 102 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 3,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 153 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 2,950 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and pyroquilon, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, pyroquilon is applied at a rate from about 100 gai/ha to about 3,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, pyroquilon is applied at a rate from about 75 gai/ha to about 2,900 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and pyroquilon. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and pyroquilon, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and pyroquilon is applied at a rate of about 75 gai/ha to about 2,900 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and pyroquilon wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 150 gae/ha, and pyroquilon is applied at a rate of about 150 gai/ha to about 2,800 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with tebuconazole. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to tebuconazole is within the range of from about 1:250 to about 12:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to tebuconazole is within the range of from about 1:57 to about 1:2. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 27 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 5,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 66 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 280 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and tebuconazole, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, tebuconazole is applied at a rate from about 25 gai/ha to about 5,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, tebuconazole is applied at a rate from about 60 gai/ha to about 250 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and tebuconazole. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and tebuconazole, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and tebuconazole is applied at a rate of about 50 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and tebuconazole, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and tebuconazole is applied at a rate of about 60 gai/ha to about 250 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with thifluzamide. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to thifluzamide is within the range of from about 1:375 to about 30:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to thifluzamide is within the range of from about 1:38 to about 1:2.5. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 12 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,050 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 83 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 332 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and thifluzamide, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments thifluzamide is applied at a rate from about 10 gai/ha to about 750 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, thifluzamide is applied at a rate from about 20 gai/ha to about 700 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and thifluzamide. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and thifluzamide, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and thifluzamide is applied at a rate of about 20 gai/ha to about 700 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and thifluzamide, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and thifluzamide is applied at a rate of about 75 gai/ha to about 300 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with tricyclazole. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to tricyclazole is within the range of from about 1:375 to about 15:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to tricyclazole is within the range of from about 1:170 to about 1:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 22 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,300 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 55 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 800 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and tricyclazole, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, tricyclazole is applied at a rate from about 20 gai/ha to about 1,000 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, tricyclazole is applied at a rate from about 30 gai/ha to about 750 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 42 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and tricyclazole. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and tricyclazole, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and tricyclazole is applied at a rate of about 30 gai/ha to about 950 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and tricyclazole, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 4.4 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 42.4 gae/ha, and tricyclazole is applied at a rate of about 50 gai/ha to about 750 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with trifloxystrobin. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to trifloxystrobin is within the range of from about 1:250 to about 30:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to trifloxystrobin is within the range of from about 1:38 to about 1:2. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 12 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 800 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 83 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 332 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and trifloxystrobin, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, trifloxystrobinis applied at a rate from about 10 gai/ha to about 500 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, trifloxystrobin is applied at a rate from about 20 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and trifloxystrobin. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and trifloxystrobin, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and trifloxystrobin is applied at a rate of about 20 gai/ha to about 450 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and trifloxystrobin, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and trifloxystrobin is applied at a rate of about 75 gai/ha to about 300 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with validamycin. With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to validamycin is within the range of from about 1:25 to about 3,000:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to validamycin is within the range of from about 1:13 to about 500:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 2.1 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 350 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 3.3 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 190 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and validamycin, e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, validamycin is applied at a rate from about 0.1 gai/ha to about 50 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, validamycin is applied at a rate from about 0.2 gai/ha to about 45 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and validamycin. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and validamycin, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and validamycin is applied at a rate of about 0.2 gai/ha to about 45 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and validamycin, wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 150 gae/ha, and validamycin is applied at a rate of about 0.3 gai/ha to about 40 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with a compound of formula (II). With respect to the compositions, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to a compound of formula (II) is within the range of from about 1:375 to about 150:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to a compound of formula (II) is within the range of from about 1:19 to about 1:1. With respect to the methods, in certain embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 4 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 1,050 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is applied at an application rate of from about 45 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) to about 182 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting the undesirable vegetation or locus thereof or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation with a compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and a compound of formula (II), e.g., sequentially or simultaneously. In some embodiments, a compound of formula (II) is applied at a rate from about 2 gai/ha to about 750 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 2 gae/ha to about 300 gae/ha. In some embodiments, a compound of formula (II) is applied at a rate from about 5 gai/ha to about 700 gai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha. In certain embodiments, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I), or its benzyl ester and a compound of formula (II). In one embodiment, the methods utilize the compound of formula (I) and a compound of formula (II), wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 3 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 200 gae/ha, and a compound of formula (II) is applied at a rate of about 5 gai/ha to about 700 gai/ha. In one embodiment, the methods utilize the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) and a compound of formula (II), wherein the benzyl ester of the compound of formula (I) is applied at a rate of from about 8 g acid equivalent per hectare (gae/ha) to about 32 gae/ha, and a compound of formula (II) is applied at a rate of about 37.5 gai/ha to about 180 gai/ha.

In certain embodiments, the methods and compositions utilizing the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof in combination with azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II) are used to control BRAPP, CYPES, CYPIR, CYPRO, DIGSA, ECHCG, ECHCO, ECHOR, FIMMI, IPOHE, LEFCH and SCPJU.

The components of the mixtures described herein can be applied either separately or as part of a multipart herbicidal system.

The mixtures described herein can be applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of undesirable vegetation. When used in conjunction with other herbicides, the composition can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides. Some of the herbicides that can be employed in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include, but are not limited to: 4-CPA; 4-CPB; 4-CPP; 2,4-D; 2,4-D choline salt, 2,4-D esters and amines, 2,4-DB; 3,4-DA; 3,4-DB; 2,4-DEB; 2,4-DEP; 3,4-DP; 2,3,6-TBA; 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TB; acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor, allidochlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alorac, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, amiprofos-methyl, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, anisuron, asulam, atraton, atrazine, azafenidin, azimsulfuron, aziprotryne, barban, BCPC, beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, benthiocarb, bentazon-sodium, benzadox, benzfendizone, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzoylprop, benzthiazuron, bialaphos, bicyclopyrone, bifenox, bilanafos, bispyribac-sodium, borax, bromacil, bromobonil, bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, brompyrazon, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butenachlor, buthidazole, buthiuron, butralin, butroxydim, buturon, butylate, cacodylic acid, cafenstrole, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor, carbasulam, carbetamide, carboxazole chlorprocarb, carfentrazone-ethyl, CDEA, CEPC, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chloranocryl, chlorazifop, chlorazine, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole, chlorflurenol, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlornitrofen, chloropon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, cisanilide, clethodim, cliodinate, clodinafop-propargyl, clofop, clomeprop, cloprop, cloproxydim, clopyralid, cloransulam-methyl, CMA, copper sulfate, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, cumyluron, cyanatryn, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclopyrimorate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyhalofop-butyl, cyperquat, cyprazine, cyprazole, cypromid, daimuron, dalapon, dazomet, delachlor, desmedipham, desmetryn, di-allate, dicamba, dichlobenil, dichloralurea, dichlormate, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, diclofop-methyl, diclosulam, diethamquat, diethatyl, difenopenten, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimexano, dimidazon, dinitramine, dinofenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb, diphenamid, dipropetryn, diquat, disul, dithiopyr, diuron, DMPA, DNOC, DSMA, EBEP, eglinazine, endothal, epronaz, EPTC, erbon, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethbenzamide, ethametsulfuron, ethidimuron, ethiolate, ethobenzamid, etobenzamid, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etinofen, etnipromid, etobenzanid, EXD, fenasulam, fenoprop, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl+isoxadifen-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenteracol, fenthiaprop, fentrazamide, fenuron, ferrous sulfate, flamprop, flamprop-M, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flufenican, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumezin, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, fluometuron, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluothiuron, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropanate, flupyrsulfuron, fluridone, flurochloridone, fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr-meptyl, flurtamone, fluthiacet, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine, fumiclorac, furyloxyfen, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P-ammonium, glyphosate salts and esters, halauxifen, halauxifen-methyl, halosafen, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxydine, haloxyfop-methyl, haloxyfop-P-methyl, hexachloroacetone, hexaflurate, hexazinone, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazosulfuron, imazethapyr, indanofan, indaziflam, iodobonil, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-ethyl-sodium, iofensulfuron, ioxynil, ipazine, ipfencarbazone, iprymidam, isocarbamid, isocil, isomethiozin, isonoruron, isopolinate, isopropalin, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, karbutilate, ketospiradox, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, MAA, MAMA, MCPA esters and amines, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, medinoterb, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methalpropalin, methazole, methiobencarb, methiozolin, methiuron, methometon, methoprotryne, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, molinate, monalide, monisouron, monochloroacetic acid, monolinuron, monuron, morfamquat, MSMA, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, nipyraclofen, nitralin, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, norflurazon, noruron, OCH, orbencarb, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxapyrazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraflufen-ethyl, parafluron, paraquat, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, perfluidone, pethoxamid, phenisopham, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, phenobenzuron, phenylmercury acetate, picloram, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, pretilachlor, primisulfuron-methyl, procyazine, prodiamine, profluazol, profluralin, profoxydim, proglinazine, prohexadione-calcium, prometon, prometryn, pronamide, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, proxan, prynachlor, pydanon, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazogyl, pyrazolynate, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyriclor, pyridafol, pyridate, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinonamid, quizalofop, quizalofop-P-ethyl, rhodethanil, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, S-metolachlor, sebuthylazine, secbumeton, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simeton, simetryn, SMA, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sulcotrione, sulfallate, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron, sulfosate, sulfosulfuron, sulfuric acid, sulglycapin, SYN-523, swep, TCA, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetrafluron, thenylchlor, thiazafluron, thiazopyr, thidiazimin, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron, thifensulfurn-methyl, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, topramezone, tralkoxydim, triafamone, tri-allate, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron, tribenuron-methyl, tricamba, triclopyr choline salt, triclopyr esters and amines, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, trifop, trifopsime, trihydroxytriazine, trimeturon, tripropindan, tritac tritosulfuron, vernolate, xylachlor and salts, esters, optically active isomers and mixtures thereof.

The compositions and methods described herein, can further be used in conjunction with glyphosate, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, glufosinate, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, microtubule inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, photosystem II inhibitors, triazines, and bromoxynil on glyphosate-tolerant, EPSP synthase inhibitor-tolerant, glufosinate-tolerant, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-tolerant, dicamba-tolerant, phenoxy auxin-tolerant, pyridyloxy auxin-tolerant, auxin-tolerant, auxin transport inhibitor-tolerant, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-tolerant, cyclohexanedione-tolerant, phenylpyrazoline-tolerant, ACCase-tolerant, imidazolinone-tolerant, sulfonylurea-tolerant, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-tolerant, triazolopyrimidine-tolerant, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-tolerant, ALS- or AHAS-tolerant, HPPD-tolerant, phytoene desaturase inhibitor-tolerant, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor tolerant, PPO-tolerant, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant, mitosis inhibitor-tolerant, microtubule inhibitor-tolerant, very long chain fatty acid inhibitor-tolerant, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor-tolerant, photosystem I inhibitor-tolerant, photosystem II inhibitor-tolerant, triazine-tolerant, bromoxynil-tolerant, and crops possessing multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple chemistries and/or multiple modes of action via single and/or multiple resistance mechanisms. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and complementary herbicide or salt or ester thereof are used in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein and other complementary herbicides are applied at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are employed in combination with one or more herbicide safeners, such as AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen-ethyl, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride (NA), oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, to enhance their selectivity. In some embodiments, the safeners are employed in rice, cereal, corn, or maize settings. In some embodiments, the safener is cloquintocet or an ester or salt thereof. In certain embodiments, cloquintocet is utilized to antagonize harmful effects of the compositions on rice and cereals. In some embodiments, the safener is cloquintocet (mexyl).

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are employed in combination with one or more plant growth regulators, such as 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, IAA, IBA, naphthaleneacetamide, α-naphthaleneacetic acids, benzyladenine, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, kinetin, zeatin, endothal, ethephon, pentachlorophenol, thidiazuron, tribufos, aviglycine, maleic hydrazide, gibberellins, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, ancymidol, fosamine, glyphosine, isopyrimol, jasmonic acid, maleic hydrazide, mepiquat, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, morphactins, dichlorflurenol, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, tetcyclacis, uniconazole, brassinolide, brassinolide-ethyl, cycloheximide, ethylene, methasulfocarb, prohexadione, triapenthenol and trinexapac.

In some embodiments, the plant growth regulators are employed in one or more crops or settings, such as rice, cereal crops, corn, maize, broadleaf crops, oilseed rape/canola, turf, pineapple, sugarcane, sunflower, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, tree and vine orchards, plantation crops, vegetables, and non-crop (ornamentals) settings. In some embodiments, the plant growth regulator is mixed with the compound of formula (I), or mixed with the compound of formula (I) and fungicides to cause a preferentially advantageous effect on plants.

In some embodiments, compositions provided herein further comprise at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositions for selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should not react chemically with herbicidal components or other composition ingredients. Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or the area adjacent to the weeds or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application. They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water-dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. They can also be provided as a pre-mix or tank mixed.

Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrate; nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt; blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant; C₉-C₁₁ alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcohol ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C₁₂-C₁₆) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8EO); tallow amine ethoxylate (15 EO); PEG(400) dioleate-99.

Liquid carriers that can be employed include water and organic solvents. The organic solvents include, but are not limited to, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the above vegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like; esters of mono, di and polycarboxylic acids and the like. Specific organic solvents include, but are not limited to toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like. In certain embodiments, water is the carrier for the dilution of concentrates.

Suitable solid carriers include but are not limited to talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, cellulose, and the like.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein further comprise one or more surface-active agents. In some embodiments, such surface-active agents are employed in both solid and liquid compositions, and in certain embodiments those designed to be diluted with carrier before application. The surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes. Surfactants which may also be used in the present formulations are described, inter alia, in “McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual,” MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., 1998 and in “Encyclopedia of Surfactants,” Vol. I-III, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1980-81. Surface-active agents include, but are not limited to salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C₁₈ ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-C₁₆ ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkyl-naphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as polyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; salts of mono and dialkyl phosphate esters; vegetable or seed oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed/canola oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; and esters of the above vegetable oils, and in certain embodiments, methyl esters.

In some embodiments, these materials, such as vegetable or seed oils and their esters, can be used interchangeably as an agricultural adjuvant, as a liquid carrier or as a surface active agent.

Other exemplary additives for use in the compositions provided herein include but are not limited to compatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial agents, and the like. The compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, fungicides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the active ingredients in the compositions described herein is from about 0.0005 to 98 percent by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration is from about 0.0006 to 90 percent by weight. In compositions designed to be employed as concentrates, the active ingredients, in certain embodiments, are present in a concentration from about 0.1 to 98 weight percent, and in certain embodiment's about 0.5 to 90 weight percent. Such compositions are, in certain embodiments, diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, before application. The diluted compositions usually applied to weeds or the locus of weeds contain, in certain embodiments, about 0.0006 to 25.0 weight percent active ingredient and in certain embodiments contain about 0.001 to 20.0 weight percent.

The present compositions can be applied to undesirable vegetation (weeds) or the area adjacent to the weeds by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation or paddy water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.

The described embodiments and following examples are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Other modifications, uses, or combinations with respect to the compositions described herein will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter.

EXAMPLES

Results in Examples I and II are greenhouse trial results.

Example I Evaluation of Postemergence Foliar-Applied Herbicidal Mixtures for Weed Control in Direct-Seeded Rice

Seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in a soil matrix prepared by mixing aloam or sandy loam soil (e.g., 28.6 percent silt, 18.8 percent clay, and 52.6 percent sand, with a pH of about5.8 and an organic matter content of about 1.8 percent) and calcareous grit in an 80 to 20 ratio. The soil matrix was contained in plastic pots with a volume of 1 quart and a surface area of 83.6 cm². When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 8-22 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 h photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. during the day and 26° C. during the night. Nutrients (Peters Excel® 15-5-15 5-Ca 2-Mg and iron chelate) were applied in the irrigation solution as needed and water was added on a regular basis. Supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the first through fourth true leaf stage.

Treatments consisted of the acid or esters of 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound A), each formulated as an SC (suspension concentrate), and various fungicidal components alone and in combination. Forms of compound A were applied on an acid equivalent basis.

Forms of compound A (compound of formula I) tested include:

Other fungicidal components were applied on an active ingredient basis and consisted of azoxystrobin formulated as Amistar®, carbendazim (technical grade material), difenoconazole formulated as Inspire®, flutolanil (technical grade material), hexaconazole (technical grade material), isotianil (technical grade material), kasugamycin (technical grade material), mancozeb formulated as Dithane® M45, myclobutanil formulated as Eagle®, propiconazole formulated as Tilt®, tebuconazole formulated as Corail®, thifluzamide (technical grade material), tricyclazole formulated as Beam®, trifloxystrobin (technical grade material), and a compound of formula (II) formulated as an SC.

Treatment requirements were calculated based upon the rates being tested, the concentration of active ingredient or acid equivalent in the formulation, and a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187 L/ha.

For treatments comprised of technical compounds, weighed amounts can be placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO to obtain 12× stock solutions. If a test compound does not dissolve readily, the mixture can be warmed and/or sonicated. Application solutions can be prepared by adding an appropriate amount of each stock solution (e.g., 1 mL) and diluted to the appropriate final concentrations with the addition of 10 mL of an aqueous mixture of 1.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate so that the final spray solutions contain 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate. When technical materials are used, the concentrated stock solutions can be added to the spray solutions so that the final acetone and DMSO concentrations of the application solutions are 16.2% and 0.5%, respectively.

For treatments comprised of formulated and technical compounds, weighed amounts of the technical materials can be placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO to obtain 12× stock solutions, and measured amounts of the formulated compounds can be placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and diluted in a volume of 1.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate or water to obtain 12× stock solutions. If a test compound does not dissolve readily, the mixture can be warmed and/or sonicated. Application solutions can be prepared by adding an appropriate amount of each stock solution (e.g., 1 mL) and diluted to the appropriate final concentrations with the addition of an appropriate amount of an aqueous mixture of 1.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate so that the final spray solutions contain 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate. As required, additional water and/or 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO can be added to individual application solutions so that the final acetone and DMSO concentrations of the application solutions being compared are 8.1% and 0.25%, respectively

All stock solutions and applications solutions were visually inspected for compound compatibility prior to application. Spray solutions were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with a 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 m² at a spray height of 18 to 20 inches (46 to 50 cm) above average plant canopy height. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After approximately 3 weeks, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury or growth inhibition and 100 corresponds to complete kill.

Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures (Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20-22.).

The following equation was used to calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing two active ingredients, A and B:

Expected=A+B−(A×B/100)

A=observed efficacy of active ingredient A at the same concentration as used in the mixture.

B=observed efficacy of active ingredient B at the same concentration as used in the mixture.

The compounds tested, application rates employed, plant species tested, and results are given in Tables 1-22.

TABLE 1 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Acid and Azoxystrobin Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Compound A Control (%) - 21 DAA Acid Azoxystrobin DIGSA IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 5.3 0 10 — 10 — 10.6 0 20 — 15 — 21.2 0 20 — 20 — 0 250  0 — 0 — 5.3 250 30 10 20 10 10.6 250 25 20 30 15 21.2 250 NT 20 25 20

TABLE 2 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Azoxystrobin Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Compound A Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Azoxystrobin DIGSA IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 4.38 0 20 — 10 — 8.75 0 15 — 10 — 17.5 0 20 — 20 — 0 250 0 — 0 — 4.38 250 20 20 25 10 8.75 250 60 15 15 10 17.5 250 50 20 30 20 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Azoxystrobin CYPIR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 16 0 73 — 32 0 60 —  0 62.5 0 —  0 125 0 —  0 250 0 — 16 62.5 100 73 32 62.5 100 60 16 125 85 73 32 125 100 60 16 250 98 73 32 250 100 60 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Azoxystrobin BRAPP gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 65 — 16 0 70 — 32 0 90 —  0 125 0 —  0 250 0 —  8 125 70 65 16 125 73 70 32 125 90 90  8 250 78 65 16 250 83 70 32 250 90 90 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Azoxystrobin ECHOR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 16 0 43 — 32 0 70 —  0 62.5 8 —  0 125 8 —  0 250 5 — 16 62.5 40 47 32 62.5 85 72 16 125 58 47 32 125 90 72 16 250 58 45 32 250 90 72

TABLE 3 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Carbendazim Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 19 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Carbendazim ECHCO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 65 — 16 0 90 — 32 0 95 — 0 125 0 — 0 250 0 — 8 125 85 65 16 125 95 90 32 125 99 95 8 250 95 65 16 250 95 90 32 250 95 95

TABLE 4 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Acid and Difenoconazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Com- pound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Acid Difenoconazole DIGSA ECHCG LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp 5.3 0 10 — 80 — 10 — 10.6 0 20 — 90 — 20 — 21.2 0 20 — 95 — 45 — 0 200 0 — 0 — 0 — 5.3 200 10 10 95 80 50 10 10.6 200 25 20 95 90 30 20 21.2 200 50 20 99 95 40 45

TABLE 5 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Difenoconazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Compound A Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Difenoconazole LEFCH IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 4.38 0 10 — 10 — 8.75 0 20 — 10 — 17.5 0 55 — 20 — 0 200 0 — 0 — 4.38 200 30 10 10 10 8.75 200 45 20 30 10 17.5 200 50 55 40 20 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Difenoconazole DIGSA gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 15 — 16 0 23 — 32 0 28 —  0 50 0 —  0 100 0 —  0 200 0 —  8 50 25 15 16 50 28 23 32 50 45 28  8 100 40 15 16 100 53 23 32 100 55 28  8 200 55 15 16 200 53 23 32 200 68 28 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Difenoconazole LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 16 0 25 — 32 0 43 —  0 50 0 —  0 100 0 —  0 200 0 16 50 30 25 32 50 53 43 16 100 33 25 32 100 60 43 16 200 48 25 32 200 70 43 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Difenoconazole ECHCG gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 70 — 16 0 60 — 32 0 90 —  0 50 0 —  0 100 0 —  0 200 0 —  8 50 83 70 16 50 90 60 32 50 93 90  8 100 80 70 16 100 88 60 32 100 95 90  8 200 88 70 16 200 95 60 32 200 95 90 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Difenoconazole ECHOR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 45 — 16 0 43 — 32 0 70 —  0 50 0 —  0 100 0 —  0 200 0 —  8 50 58 45 16 50 63 43 32 50 96 70  8 100 65 45 16 100 88 43 32 100 95 70  8 200 65 45 16 200 88 43 32 200 93 70

TABLE 6 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Flutolanil Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Compound A Control (%) - 19 DAA Benzyl Ester Flutolanil ECHCO LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 8 0 65 — 45 — 16 0 90 — 45 — 32 0 95 — 50 — 0 280 0 — 0 — 0 560 0 — 0 — 8 280 85 65 60 45 16 280 95 90 60 45 32 280 100 95 70 50 8 560 90 65 50 45 16 560 95 90 50 45 32 560 99 95 55 50

TABLE 7 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Hexaconazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Com- pound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Hexaconazole ECHCG ECHCO LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp 8 0 45 — 50 — 25 — 16 0 85 — 65 — 40 — 32 0 90 — 85 — 55 — 0 25 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 50 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 100 0 — 0 — 0 — 8 25 80 45 75 50 40 25 16 25 90 85 90 65 50 40 32 25 95 90 90 85 65 55 8 50 80 45 80 50 20 25 16 50 90 85 85 65 75 40 32 50 90 90 95 85 60 55 8 100 85 45 90 50 45 25 16 100 90 85 90 65 55 40 32 100 95 90 95 85 60 55 Visual Weed Control Compound A (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Hexaconazole BRAPP IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 8 0 55 — 10 — 16 0 60 — 25 — 0 25 0 — 0 — 0 50 0 — 0 — 0 100 0 — 0 — 8 25 65 55 30 10 16 25 85 60 35 25 8 50 50 55 20 10 16 50 80 60 60 25 8 100 65 55 20 10 16 100 65 60 40 25 Visual Weed Control (%) - Compound A 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Hexaconazole CYPIR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 35 — 0 25 0 — 0 50 0 — 0 100 0 — 8 25 80 35 8 50 60 35 8 100 50 35

TABLE 8 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Isotianil Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - Compound A 20 DAA Benzyl Ester Isotianil BRAPP gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 60 — 16 0 85 — 32 0 90 —  0 200 0 —  8 200 75 60 16 200 90 85 32 200 90 90  8 0 20 — 16 0 30 — 32 0 40 —  0 100 0 —  0 200 0 —  8 100 30 20 16 100 55 30 32 100 60 40  8 200 35 20 16 200 60 30 32 200 50 40 Compound A Benzyl Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Ester Isotianil BRAPP DIGSA ECHCG ECHCO LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp 8 0 55 — 15 — 45 — 50 — 25 — 16 0 60 — 25 — 85 — 65 — 40 — 0 380 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 8 380 80 55 50 15 80 45 80 50 55 25 16 380 90 60 50 25 85 85 90 65 55 40

TABLE 9 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Kasugamycin Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Benzyl Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Ester Kasugamycin DIGSA ECHOR LEFCH IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp 8 0 20 — 20 — 40 — 0 — 16 0 40 — 60 — 40 — 30 — 32 0 50 — 85 — 65 — 55 — 0 17.5 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 35 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 70 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 8 17.5 30 20 40 20 50 40 10 0 16 17.5 40 40 65 60 60 40 50 30 32 17.5 55 50 90 85 75 65 65 55 8 35 25 20 60 20 50 40 25 0 16 35 40 40 80 60 70 40 50 30 32 35 65 50 95 85 65 65 65 55 8 70 40 20 35 20 45 40 50 0 16 70 45 40 65 60 55 40 45 30 32 70 60 50 95 85 70 65 70 55 Visual Weed Control (%) - Compound A 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Kasugamycin CYPIR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 50 — 16  0 70 — 0 17.5 0 — 0 35 0 — 0 70 0 — 8 17.5 85 50 16  17.5 100 70 8 35 50 50 16  35 100 70 8 70 50 50 16  70 100 70 8 0 70 — 0 17.5 0 — 0 35 0 — 0 70 0 — 8 17.5 95 70 8 35 70 70 8 70 85 70

TABLE 10 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Mancozeb Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Mancozeb LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 16 0 15 — 32 0 25 —  0 840 0 — 16 840 25 15 32 840 45 25 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Mancozeb IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 10 — 16 0 50 — 32 0 60 —  0 1680 0 —  8 1680 20 10 16 1680 70 50 32 1680 70 60

TABLE 11 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Acid and Myclobutanil Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Acid Myclobutanil LEFCH IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 5.3 0 10 — 10 — 10.6 0 20 — 15 — 21.2 0 45 — 20 — 0 250 0 — 10 — 5.3 250 10 10 10 19 10.6 250 30 20 10 24 21.2 250 70 45 65 28

TABLE 12 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Myclobutanil Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Myclobutanil LEFCH IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 4.38 0 10 — 10 — 8.75 0 20 — 10 — 17.5  0 55 — 20 — 0   250 0 — 10 — 4.38 250 30 10 10 19 8.75 250 60 20 10 19 17.5  250 75 55 45 28 Visual Weed Compound A Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Myclobutanil LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 23 — 16 0 25 — 32 0 43 —  0 200 0 —  8 200 30 23 16 200 50 25 32 200 65 43 Visual Weed Compound A Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Myclobutanil ECHCG gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 70 — 16 0 60 — 32 0 90 —  0 50 0 —  0 100 0 —  0 200 0 —  8 50 88 70 16 50 90 60 32 50 97 90  8 100 90 70 16 100 93 60 32 100 95 90  8 200 90 70 16 200 93 60 32 200 95 90 Visual Weed Compound A Control (%) - 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Myclobutanil ECHOR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 45 — 16 0 43 — 32 0 70 —  0 50 0 —  0 100 0 —  0 200 0 —  8 50 80 45 16 50 85 43 32 50 95 70  8 100 90 45 16 100 93 43 32 100 97 70  8 200 85 45 16 200 90 43 32 200 97 70

TABLE 13 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Probenazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 19 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Probenazole ECHCO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 65 — 0 500 0 — 8 500 85 65

TABLE 14 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Acid and Propiconazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Acid Propiconazole DIGSA gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 5.3 0 10 — 10.6 0 20 — 21.2 0 20 — 0 190 0 — 5.3 190 0 10 10.6 190 40 20 21.2 190 40 20

TABLE 15 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Propiconazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 DAA Benzyl Ester Propiconazole CYPES SCPJU gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 8 0 0 — 70 — 16 0 75 — 85 — 0 62.5 0 — 0 — 0 125 0 — 0 — 0 250 0 — 0 — 8 62.5 63 0 70 70 16 62.5 85 75 95 85 8 125 80 0 95 70 16 125 80 75 100 85 8 250 73 0 90 70 16 250 93 75 99 85

TABLE 16 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Acid and Tebuconazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 DAA A Acid Tebuconazole DIGSA ECHCG LEFCH IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp 5.3 0 10 — 80 — 10 — 10 — 10.6 0 20 — 90 — 20 — 15 — 21.2 0 20 — 95 — 45 — 20 — 0 250 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 — 5.3 250 25 10 95 80 10 10 15 10 10.6 250 40 20 95 90 50 20 15 15 21.2 250 60 20 99 95 85 45 60 20

TABLE 17 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Tebuconazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tebuconazole LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp    4.38 0 10 —    8.75 0 20 —   17.5 0 55 —  0 250 0 —    4.38 250 20 10    8.75 250 60 20   17.5 250 65 55  8 0 23 — 16 0 25 — 32 0 43 —  0 62.5 5 —  0 125 10 —  0 250 8 —  8 62.5 55 26 16 62.5 53 29 32 62.5 75 45  8 125 50 30 16 125 58 33 32 125 70 48  8 250 43 28 16 250 60 31 32 250 80 47 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tebuconazole BRAPP gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 65 — 0 62.5 0 — 0 125 0 — 0 250 0 — 8 62.5 78 65 8 125 63 65 8 250 85 65 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tebuconazole CYPIR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 75 — 16 0 73 — 32 0 60 —  0 125 0 —  0 250 0 —  8 125 68 75 16 125 90 73 32 125 100 60  8 250 100 75 16 250 100 73 32 250 100 60 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tebuconazole IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 15 — 16 0 33 —  0 62.5 0 —  8 62.5 30 15 16 62.5 53 33 Visual Weed Control (%) - Compound A 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Tebuconazole ECHCG gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 70 — 16 0 60 — 32 0 90 —  0 62.5 0 —  0 125 5 —  0 250 8 —  8 62.5 90 70 16 62.5 95 60 32 62.5 95 90  8 125 88 72 16 125 90 62 32 125 95 91  8 250 93 72 16 250 90 63 32 250 97 91 Visual Weed Control (%) - Compound A 21 DAA Benzyl Ester Tebuconazole ECHOR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 45 — 16 0 43 — 32 0 70 —  0 62.5 0 —  0 125 5 —  0 250 8 —  8 62.5 90 45 16 62.5 90 43 32 62.5 97 70  8 125 93 48 16 125 95 45 32 125 95 72  8 250 88 49 16 250 95 47 32 250 95 72 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tebuconazole DIGSA gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp  8 0 15 — 16 0 23 — 32 0 28 —  0 62.5 0 —  0 125 0 —  0 250 0 —  8 62.5 38 15 16 62.5 53 23 32 62.5 60 28  8 125 43 15 16 125 40 23 32 125 58 28  8 250 45 15 16 250 45 23 32 250 63 28

TABLE 18 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Thifluzamide Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Compound A Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 DAA Benzyl Ester Thifluzamide BRAPP DIGSA gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp Obs Exp 8 0 60 — 20 — 16 0 85 — 30 — 32 0 90 — 40 — 0 75 0 — 0 — 0 150 0 — 0 — 0 300 0 — 0 — 8 75 80 60 30 20 16 75 75 85 45 30 32 75 95 90 45 40 8 150 80 60 50 20 16 150 95 85 40 30 32 150 95 90 50 40 8 300 80 60 35 20 16 300 85 85 30 30 32 300 95 90 35 40

TABLE 19 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Acid and Tricyclazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Acid Tricyclazole IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 5.3 0 10 — 10.6 0 15 — 21.2 0 20 — 0 200 0 — 5.3 200 30 10 10.6 200 25 15 21.2 200 60 20

TABLE 20 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Tricyclazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tricyclazole IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp   4.38 0 10 —   8.75 0 10 —  17.5 0 20 — 0 200 0 —   4.38 200 15 10   8.75 200 15 10  17.5 200 40 20 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tricyclazole ECHCG gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 70 — 16  0 60 — 32  0 90 — 0 50 0 — 0 100 0 — 0 200 0 — 8 50 75 70 16  50 80 60 32  50 95 90 8 100 65 70 16  100 78 60 32  100 93 90 8 200 85 70 16  200 90 60 32  200 95 90 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tricyclazole ECHOR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 45 — 16  0 43 — 32  0 70 — 0 50 0 — 0 100 0 — 0 200 0 — 8 50 58 45 16  50 68 43 32  50 90 70 8 100 48 45 16  100 55 43 32  100 93 70 8 200 58 45 16  200 78 43 32  200 90 70 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tricyclazole IPOHE gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 15 — 16  0 33 — 0 50 0 — 0 100 0 — 0 200 10 — 8 50 28 15 16  50 55 33 8 100 15 15 16  100 55 33 8 200 38 24 16  200 45 39

TABLE 21 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Trifloxystrobin Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Trifloxystrobin CYPIR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 50 — 16  0 70 — 32  0 100 — 0 140 0 — 8 140 70 50 16  140 95 70 32  140 100 100  Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Trifloxystrobin DIGSA gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 15 — 0 75 0 — 0 150 0 — 0 300 0 — 8 75 30 15 8 150 10 15 8 300 30 15 Visual Weed Control (%) - 20 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Trifloxystrobin CYPES gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 16  0 40 — 0 75 0 — 0 150 0 — 16  75 70 40 16  150 60 40

TABLE 22 Synergistic Activity of Foliar-Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and a compound of formula (II) Compositions on Weed Control in a Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A Compound of DAA Benzyl Ester Formula (II) BRAPP gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 70 — 0 37.5 0 — 0 75 0 — 0 150 0 — 8 37.5 80 70 8 75 90 70 8 150 90 70 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A Compound of DAA Benzyl Ester Formula (II) ECHCG gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 16  0 80 — 32  0 95 — 0 150 0 — 16  150 95 80 32  150 99 95 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A Compound of DAA Benzyl Ester Formula (II) LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 32 0 25 —  0 37.5 0 —  0 75 0 —  0 150 0 — 32 37.5 40 25 32 75 50 25 32 150 30 25 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A Compound of DAA Benzyl Ester Formula (II) CYPIR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 50 0 37.5 0 0 75 0 8 37.5 70 50 8 75 100 50 BRAPP Brachiaria platyphylla (Groseb.) Nash, broadleaf signalgrass. CYPES Cyperus esculentus L., nutsedge, yellow CYPIR Cyperus iria L., flatsedge, rice DIGSA Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.; crabgrass, large ECHCG Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.; barnyardgrass ECHCO Echinochloa colona (L.) Link; junglerice IPOHE Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.; morningglory, ivyleaf LEFCH Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees; sprangletop, Chinese SCPJU Schoenoplectus juncoides Roxb., bulrush, Japanese gae/ha = grams acid equivalent per hectare gai/ha = grams active ingredient per hectare Obs = observed value Exp = expected value as calculated by Colby's equation DAA = days after application

Example II Evaluation of In-Water Applied Herbicidal Mixtures for Weed Control in Transplanted Paddy Rice

Weed seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in puddled soil (mud) prepared by mixing a shredded, non-sterilized mineral soil (50.5 percent silt, 25.5 percent clay, and 24 percent sand, with a pH of about 7.6 and an organic matter content of about 2.9 percent) and water at a 1:1 volumetric ratio. The prepared mud was dispensed in 365 mL aliquots into 16-ounce (oz.) non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 86.59 square centimeters leaving a headspace of 3 centimeters in each pot. Rice seeds were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic plug trays. Seedlings at the second or third leaf stage of growth were transplanted into 860 mL of mud contained in 32-oz. non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 86.59 cm² 4 days prior to herbicide application. The paddy was created by filling the headspace of the pots with 2.5 to 3 cm of water. When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 4-22 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 h photoperiod which was maintained at about 29′C during the day and about 26° C. during the night. Nutrients were added as Osmocote® (17:6:10, N:P:K+minor nutrients) at 2 g per cup. Water was added on a regular basis to maintain the paddy flood, and supplemental lighting was provided with overhead metal halide 1000-Watt lamps as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the first through fourth true leaf stage.

Treatments consisted of the acid or esters of 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (compound A) each formulated as an SC (suspension concentrate) and various fungicidal components alone and in combination. Forms of compound A were applied on an acid equivalent basis.

Forms of compound A (compound of formula I) tested include:

Other fungicidal components were applied on an active ingredient basis and consisted of flutolanil (technical grade material), probenazole (technical grade material), and tricyclazole formulated as Beam®.

Treatment requirements for each compound or fungicidal component were calculated based upon the rates being tested, the concentration of active ingredient or acid equivalent in the formulation, an application volume of 2 mL per component per pot, and an application area of 86.59 cm² per pot.

For formulated compounds, a measured amount was placed in an individual 100 or 200 mL glass vial and was dissolved in a volume of 1.25% (v/v) Agri-Dex® crop oil concentrate to obtain application solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated.

For technical grade compounds, a weighed amount can be placed in an individual 100 to 200 mL glass vial and dissolved in a volume of acetone to obtain concentrated stock solutions. If the test compound does not dissolve readily, the mixture can be warmed and/or sonicated. The concentrated stock solutions obtained can be diluted with an equivalent volume of an aqueous mixture containing 2.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate so that the final application solutions contain 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate.

Applications were made by injecting with a pipetter appropriate amounts of the application solutions, individually and sequentially, into the aqueous layer of the paddy. Control plants were treated in the same manner with the solvent blank. Applications were made so that all treated plant material received the same concentrations of acetone and crop oil concentrate.

The treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and water was added as needed to maintain a paddy flood. After approximately 3 weeks the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury or growth inhibition and 100 corresponds to complete kill.

Colby's equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures (Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20-22.).

The following equation was used to calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing two active ingredients, A and B:

Expected=A+B−(A×B/100)

A=observed efficacy of active ingredient A at the same concentration as used in the mixture.

B=observed efficacy of active ingredient B at the same concentration as used in the mixture.

Some of the compounds tested, application rates employed, plant species tested, and results are given in Tables 23-26.

TABLE 23 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and a Compound of Formula (II) Compositions on Weed Control in a Transplanted Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Flutolanil ECHOR gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 15 — 16  0 20 — 0 140 0 — 0 560 0 — 8 140 45 15 16  140 75 20 8 560 30 15 16  560 50 20 Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Flutolanil LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 0 — 16  0 0 — 0 140 0 — 8 140 20 0 16  140 20 0

TABLE 24 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Probenazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Transplanted Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 21 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Probenazole CYPRO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 40 — 0 1000 0 — 0 2000 0 — 0 4000 0 — 8 1000 95 40 8 2000 80 40 8 4000 75 40

TABLE 25 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applied Compound A Acid and Tricyclazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Transplanted Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Acid Tricyclazole CYPRO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 10.6 0 0 — 21.2 0 25 — 42.4 0 95 — 0 200 0 — 10.6 200 80 0 21.2 200 70 25 42.4 200 90 95

TABLE 26 Synergistic Activity of In-Water Applied Compound A Benzyl Ester and Tricyclazole Compositions on Weed Control in a Transplanted Rice Cropping System. Visual Weed Control (%) - 19 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tricyclazole CYPRO gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 20 — 16  0 88 — 32  0 87 — 0 375 0 — 0 750 0 — 8 375 10 20 16  375 83 88 32  375 98 87 8 750 50 20 16  750 80 88 32  750 88 87 Visual Weed Control (%) - 22 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tricyclazole FIMMI gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp   4.38 0 50 —   8.75 0 80 —  17.5 0 100 — 0 200 0 —   4.38 200 100 50   8.75 200 100 80  17.5 200 100 100  Visual Weed Control (%) - 19 Compound A DAA Benzyl Ester Tricyclazole LEFCH gae/ha gai/ha Obs Exp 8 0 3 — 16  0 8 — 0 187.5 0 — 0 750 0 — 8 187.5 3 3 16  187.5 20 8 8 750 17 3 16  750 13 8 CYPRO Cyperus rotundus L.; nutsedge, purple ECHCO Echinochloa colona (L.) Link; junglerice FIMMI Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl; globe fringerush LEFCH Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees; sprangletop, Chinese gae/ha = grams acid equivalent per hectare gai/ha = grams active ingredient per hectare Obs = observed value Exp = expected value as calculated by Colby's equation DAA = days after application 

What is claimed is:
 1. A herbicidal composition comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II)


2. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) is a C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl ester of compound (I).
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) is a C₁₋₄ alkyl ester of compound (I).
 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein (a) is a benzyl ester of compound (I).
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) is the compound of formula (I), which is the carboxylic acid.
 5. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: herbicide safeners, carriers and adjuvants.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of compound of formula (I) or agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to a compound of formula (II) is from about 1:375 to about 150:1.
 7. A method of controlling undesirable vegetation which comprises contacting the vegetation or the area adjacent to the vegetation with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)

or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II)


8. The method of claim 7, wherein the undesirable vegetation is controlled in direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the undesirable vegetation is immature.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the (a) and (b) are applied to water.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the water is part of a flooded rice paddy.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the (a) and (b) are applied pre-emergently and/or post emergently to the weed or the crop.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the (a) and (b) are applied post-emergently to the weed or the crop.
 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the undesirable vegetation is controlled in glyphosate-, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitor-, glufosinate-, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-, dicamba-, phenoxy auxin-, pyridyloxy auxin-, synthetic auxin-, auxin transport inhibitor-, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-, cyclohexanedione-, phenylpyrazoline-, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-, imidazolinone-, sulfonylurea-, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-, triazolopyrimidine-, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-, phytoene desaturase inhibitor-, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor-, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor-, mitosis inhibitor-, microtubule inhibitor-, very long chain fatty acid inhibitor-, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor-, photosystem I inhibitor-, photosystem II inhibitor-, triazine-, or bromoxynil-tolerant crops.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the tolerant crop possesses multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to multiple herbicides or multiple modes of action.
 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the undesirable vegetation comprises a herbicide resistant or tolerant weed.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the resistant or tolerant weed is a biotype with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicides, multiple chemical classes, multiple herbicide modes-of-action or via multiple resistance mechanisms.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the resistant or tolerant weed is a biotype resistant or tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, photosystem II inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, microtubule assembly inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, herbicides with multiple modes-of-action, quinclorac, arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, or organoarsenicals.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the resistant or tolerant weed is a biotype resistant or tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, photosystem II inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, photosystem I inhibitors, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, microtubule assembly inhibitors, fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, herbicides with multiple modes-of-action, quinclorac, arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, or organoarsenicals. 